[Improvement of China's legal system for public health emergency management from the perspective of lifecycle management].

A crucial lesson gained through the pandemic preparedness and response to COVID-19 is that all measures for epidemic control must be law-based. The legal system is related not only to public health emergency management per se but also to all aspects of the institutional supporting system throughout the lifecycle. Based on the lifecycle emergency management model, this article analyses the problems of the current legal system and the potential solutions. It is suggested that the lifecycle emergency management model shall be followed to establish a more comprehensive public health legal system and to gather the intelligence and consensus of experts with different expertise, including epidemiologists, sociologists, economists, jurist and others, which will collaboratively promote the science-based legislation in the field of epidemic preparedness and response for the establishment of a comprehensive legal system for public health emergency management and with Chinese characteristics.

Did the first Movement Control Order impact healthcare seeking behaviour and healthcare access among Malaysians? Findings from a cross-sectional survey

Introduction: In March 2020, Malaysia initiated the first Movement Control Order (MCO) to curb the spread of COVID-19 infections. While healthcare services remained operational, fears of contracting COVID-19 may have impacted health seeking behaviours and healthcare access. A survey was conducted to investigate how the first MCO impacted actions of individuals experiencing upper respiratory tract infection versus other symptoms, routine follow-up visits, and refill prescription practices. Method(s): A cross-sectional survey among adult Malaysians was conducted from November to December 2020. A selfadministered questionnaire was developed, validated, and disseminated on social media and communication platforms. Result(s): 3001 participants responded to the survey. 486 (16.0%) of them reported being unwell during the MCO. Regardless of symptoms, actions taken to seek medical care were similar. The most common action on average was visiting a medical doctor (55.0%), followed by self-medicating at home (38.0%). 588 participants had a scheduled appointment for their medical condition during the MCO. 253 of them had their appointments affected by the lockdown, for examples, 85.0% postponed, 12% cancelled, 9.0% referred. Only 42.3% of these affected participants saw a doctor within 3 months after the first MCO. Out of 487 participants who regularly collected medications from the pharmacy, 69.0% had a prescription refill appointment during the lockdown. Only 15.0% of them did not collect their medications on the scheduled date. Conclusion(s): The first MCO did not severely affect health seeking behaviour and prescription refill practices. However, there are concerns over timely access to follow-up appointments due to extensive rescheduling and backlogs triggered by the pandemic.

Characteristics of skin damage among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: an epidemiological survey.

Objective: To investigate epidemiological features of skin damage among front-line healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): A self-designed questionnaire was released on an online survey website "wenjuan.com", and sent to the front-line medical staff caring for patients with confirmed COVID-19 in 6 infectious disease wards of the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA via WeChat from March 10th to 20th, 2020. Then, the questionnaires were collected, a database was established, and statistical analysis was performed on the incidence, types and epidemiological characteristics of skin damage among the medical staff. Result(s): A total of about 550 medical staff were surveyed, 404 questionnaires were collected, of which 391 were valid, and 303 cases had skin damage. The survey showed that females, hand cleaning frequency > 10 times per day, wearing three-level protective equipment for more than 6 hours per week were risk factors for skin damage, and frequent use of a hand cream could reduce skin problems. Among the respondents, the incidence of skin damage was significantly higher in the females (79.81%, 249/312) than in the males (38.35%, 54/79;chi2 = 4.741, P = 0.029), and higher in the groups with hand cleaning frequency of 10-20 times per day (79.73%, 118/148) and > 20 times per day (85.71%, 84/98) than in the group with hand cleaning frequency of 1-10 times per day (69.66%, 101/145;chi2 = 9.330, P = 0.009). The incidence of skin damage was significantly lower in the group wearing protective equipment for 1-5 hours per week (64.04%, 73/114) than in the groups wearing protective equipment for 6-10 hours per week (81.48%, 66/81), 11-15 hours per week (95.24%, 20/21), 16-20 hours per week (81.82%, 36/44), 21-25 hours per week (86.49%, 32/37), and > 25 hours per week (80.85%, 76/94;chi2 = 19.164, P = 0.002). Among the 391 respondents, the skin damage related to disinfection and protective equipment mainly manifested as dry skin (72.89%), desquamation (56.78%), skin pressure injury (54.48%), skin maceration (45.01%), and sensitive skin (33.50%);acne (27.11%) was the related skin disease with the highest incidence, followed by facial dermatitis (23.27%), eczematous dermatitis (21.48%), folliculitis (18.92%), dermatomycosis (11.00%), urticaria (9.21%), etc. Conclusion(s): There was a high incidence of skin damage related to protective equipment among the front-line healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19, and strengthening skin protection could markedly reduce the incidence of skin damage.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.

Meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in the world

Objective We aimed to review the data available to explore prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in the real world. Methods We searched observational cohort studies and case-control studies that described the SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang Data from inception to 11 Dec 2022. Studies, data extracted and quality assessed were selected according to strict inclusion exclusion criteria. All analyses were using Stata version 16.0. Results A total of 24 studies were included, involving 78 635 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and 6 616 869 cases of SARS-CoV-2 primary infection. In cases after the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 2.06% (95% CI: 1.73% – 2.40%). Compared with other age groups, the secondary infection rate was higher in those aged 40 – < 50 years 2.97% (95% CI: −1. 20%–7 14%) and 50–<60 years 2. 32% (95% CI: –0.74%–5.38%). In vaccination status group, the pooled prevalence was 5.47% (95% CI: 1.99%–8.95%) in unvaccinated cases, 1.85% (95% CI: 1.63%–2.08%) for those received partial COVID-19 vaccination, and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.34%–1.89%) for those received fully vaccination. In addition, the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 6.02% (95% CI: 5.67%–6. 37%) in the health care workers. Conclusions There is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but the results of this global real-world meta-analysis showed that the rate of reinfection is not high. It is recommended to scientifically understand the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, strengthen public health education, maintain healthy habits, and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.

SERS/photothermal-based dual-modal lateral flow immunoassays for sensitive and simultaneous antigen detection of respiratory viral infections

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most common analytical platforms for point-of-care testing (POCT), which is capable of large-scale primary screening and home self-testing of infectious diseases. However, the sensitivity of conventional AuNPs-based LFIA is relatively low and more prone to false negatives. Herein, we report a novel LFIA based on gold-core-silver-shell bimetallic nanoparticles (Au4-ATP@Ag NPs) emitting Surface-enhanced Raman scatting (SERS) and Photothermal (PT) effect, named SERS/PT-based dual-modal LFIA (SERS/PT-dmLFIA), for the antigen detection of infectious diseases pathogens, which displayed an excellent performance. For influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B virus (IBV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) N protein detection, the limit of detections (LoD) with Raman as signal were 31.25, 93.75, and 31.25 pg mL-1 respectively, and the LoDs with temperature difference (∆T) as signal were as low as 15.63, 187.5, and 15.63 pg mL-1 respectively, which were over 4-fold more sensitive than visual-based LFIA. The proposed SERS/PT-dmLFIA was used for detecting virus antigen in pharyngeal swabs and showed ideal coincidence rate of over 95% compared to the commercialized assays. In addition, we explored the development of multiplex SERS/PT-dmLFIA that can detect IAV, IBV, and SARS-CoV-2 antigens simultaneously without cross reactivity. Overall, the SERS/PT-dmLFIA for antigen detection not only exhibits high sensitivity, accuracy and specificity, but also have characteristics of rapidity and simplicity, which holds high potential for rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases in laboratory testing, mass screening, and home self-testing. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in the world.

Objective We aimed to review the data available to explore prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in the real world. Methods We searched observational cohort studies and case-control studies that described the SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang Data from inception to 11 Dec 2022. Studies, data extracted and quality assessed were selected according to strict inclusion exclusion criteria. All analyses were using Stata version 16.0. Results A total of 24 studies were included, involving 78 635 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and 6 616 869 cases of SARS-CoV-2 primary infection. In cases after the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 2.06% (95% CI: 1.73% - 2.40%). Compared with other age groups, the secondary infection rate was higher in those aged 40 - < 50 years 2.97% (95% CI: -1. 20%-7 14%) and 50-<60 years 2. 32% (95% CI: -0.74%-5.38%). In vaccination status group, the pooled prevalence was 5.47% (95% CI: 1.99%-8.95%) in unvaccinated cases, 1.85% (95% CI: 1.63%-2.08%) for those received partial COVID-19 vaccination, and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.34%-1.89%) for those received fully vaccination. In addition, the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 6.02% (95% CI: 5.67%-6. 37%) in the health care workers. Conclusions There is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but the results of this global real-world meta-analysis showed that the rate of reinfection is not high. It is recommended to scientifically understand the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, strengthen public health education, maintain healthy habits, and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.Copyright © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.

Evaluation and Prediction of COVID-19 Case Fatality Rates from 156 countries

Background: Understanding the key factors affecting case fatality rates (CFRs) of COVID-19 is essential to guiding national response to pandemics. We aimed to investigate the country and period features of CFR in COVID-19 and predict the changes in CFR. Method(s): Cross-temporal and cross-country variations in CFR were identified by Extreme Gradient Boosting models using multiple features, and the effects of features were explained by applying SHapley Additive exPlanations. Result(s): The determinants of CFR changed during the COVID-19 pandemic from health conditions to a mixed effect dominated by vaccination rates (Fig 1). Overall, most countries have concurrent risk factors besides the main risk factors, and 156 countries were grouped into five clusters based on key CFR risk factors (Fig 1). A low vaccination rate drove cluster 1 was found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Aging drove cluster 2, primarily distributed in the high-income European countries, and a high burden of disease characterises cluster 3 and low GDP related cluster 4 were scattered across continents. Furthermore, simulating a 5% increase in vaccination rates resulted in a 31.2% and 15.0% change in CFR for cluster 1 and cluster 3, respectively, but only 3.1% for cluster2. (Fig 1). Conclusion(s): The features affecting COVID-19 CFRs show diversity across countries, and declining CFRs require more than increasing vaccination coverage. (Figure Presented).

Nivolumab (NIVO) + chemotherapy (chemo) vs chemo in patients (pts) with EGFR-mutated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) with disease progression after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in CheckMate 722

Background: Treatment (tx) options are limited for pts with EGFR-mutated (mut) mNSCLC who experience disease progression following EGFR TKIs. CheckMate 722 (NCT02864251) is a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study of NIVO + chemo vs chemo in pts with EGFR-mut mNSCLC after progression on EGFR TKIs. Method(s): Pts with EGFR-mut mNSCLC (including uncommon mutations) with disease progression on 1 or 2 prior lines of EGFR TKI tx (including 1st or 2nd generation TKI for those with no T790M mutation and/or osimertinib regardless of T790M mutation) were stratified by tumor PD-L1, presence of brain metastases, smoking history, and prior osimertinib. Pts were randomized 1:1 to receive NIVO 360 mg Q3W + chemo (platinum + pemetrexed) Q3W or chemo for <= 4 cycles;pts without progression received NIVO + pemetrexed or pemetrexed, respectively, until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or <= 2 y for NIVO. Primary endpoint: PFS. Secondary endpoints: OS, ORR, DOR, and 9- and 12-mo PFS rates. Result(s): In all, 294 pts were randomized;baseline characteristics were well balanced between treatment arms. At final analysis (minimum follow-up: 18.2 mo), there was no statistically significant improvement in PFS with NIVO + chemo vs chemo (HR [95% CI]: 0.75 [0.56-1.00];P = 0.053). No difference in PFS was seen between treatment arms across most subgroups except in pts with sensitizing EGFR mutations (n = 269) and 1 prior line of EGFR TKI tx (n = 248);HR (95% CI) was 0.72 (0.54-0.97) for both. Other efficacy results are presented (Table). Grade 3-4 treatment-related AEs occurred in 45% (NIVO + chemo) vs 29% (chemo) of pts. [Formula presented] Conclusion(s): NIVO + chemo did not show statistically significant improvement in PFS in pts with EGFR-mut mNSCLC after progression on EGFR TKIs;however, a trend of benefit was seen in pts with sensitizing EGFR mutations and in those with 1 prior line of EGFR TKI tx. No new safety signals were identified. Clinical trial identification: NCT02864251. Editorial acknowledgement: All authors contributed to and approved the ;writing and editorial assistance were provided by Thai Cao, MS, of Envision Pharma Group, funded by Bristol Myers Squibb. Legal entity responsible for the study: Bristol Myers Squibb (Princeton, NJ). Funding(s): Bristol Myers Squibb (Princeton, NJ) and Ono Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Disclosure: T.S.K. Mok: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: AbbVie, ACEA Pharma, Alpha Biopharma, Amgen, Amoy Diagnostics, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Fishawack Facilitate, InMed Medical Communication, Lunit USA, Inc., Merck Serono, MSD, Roche, MD Health, Medscape/WebMD, PeerVoice, Permanyer SL, Prime Oncology, Research to Practice, Touch Medical Media, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, PER, Daz Group, Janssen Pharmaceutical NV, Jiahui Holdings Co., LiangYiHui Healthcare, Lucence Health Inc., Merck Pharmaceuticals HK Ltd, MiRXES, Novartis, OrigiMed Co. Ltd., Pfizer, Shanghai BeBirds Translation & Consulting Co., Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: AbbVie, ACEA Pharma, Alpha Biopharma, Amgen, Amoy Diagnostics, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Blueprint Medicines, Berry Oncology, CStone Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Fishawack Facilitate, Eisai, Gritstone Oncology, Guardant Health, G1 Therapeutics, Hengrui, Ignyta, IQVIA, Incyte Corporation, Inivata, Janssen, Loxo Oncology, Qiming Dev., Lunit USA, Inc., Merck Serono, MSD, Roche, Mirati Therapeutics, MoreHealth, Novartis, OrigiMed, Puma Tech., Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda, Virtus Medical, Yuhan, Curio Science, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Covidien LP, C4 Therapeutics, Cirina Ltd., Da Volterrra, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd / Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Lucence Health Inc., Medscape LLC / WebMD, MiRXES, OSE Immunotherapeutics, Pfizer, SFJ Pharmaceutical Ltd., Synergy Research, Tigermed, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Berry Oncology, D3 Bio Ltd., Lakeshore Biotech;Financial In erests, Personal, Invited Speaker, Former known as Hutchison Chi-Med: HutchMed;Financial Interests, Personal, Officer, Chairman: ACT Genomics-Sanomics Group;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares: Sanomics Ltd., Biolidics Ltd., Aurora Tele-Oncology, AstraZeneca;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares, Former known as Hutchison Chi-Med: HutchMed;Financial Interests, Institutional, Funding, For clinical trials performed at CUHK: AstraZeneca, BMS, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, SFJ Pharmaceuticals, XCovery, Takeda, G1 Therapeutics, Clovis Oncology;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Role: geneDecode;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Invited Speaker: AstraZeneca, Aurora Tele-Oncology, Lunit USA, Inc., Sanomics Ltd.;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role, Term ended on 30 June 2022: American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO);Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role: Asian Thoracic Oncology Research Group (ATORG), Chinese Lung Cancer Research Foundation Limited (CLCRF), Hong Kong Cancer Fund (HKCF), Hong Kong Cancer Therapy Society (HKCTS), St. Stephen's College & Prep. School (Hong Kong);Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role, Term ended: Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO);Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role, Term ended on 30 April 2019: International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC). K. Nakagawa: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Amgen Inc., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., CMIC ShiftZero K.K., Life Technologies Japan Ltd., Neo Communication, Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3H Clinical Trial Inc., Care Net, Inc., Medical Review Co., Ltd., Medical Mobile Communications co., Ltd, YODOSHA CO., LTD., Nikkei Business Publications, Inc., Japan Clinical Research Operations, CMIC Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., TAIYO Pharma Co., Ltd.;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Ono Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K.;Financial Interests, Institutional, Other, patents sales fee: Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: PAREXEL International Corp., PRA HEALTHSCIENCES, EPS Corporation., Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., EPS International Co.,Ltd,., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., PPD-SNBL K.K, SymBio Pharmaceuticals Limited., IQVIA Services JAPAN K.K., SYNEOS HEALTH CLINICAL K.K., Nippon Kayaku Co.,Ltd., EP-CRSU Co., Ltd., Mebix, Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Eisai Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Covance Japan Inc., Japan Clinical Research Operations, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Sanofi K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co.,Ltd., Sysmex Corporation, Medical Reserch Support, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Amgen Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., SRL, Inc. K. Park: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: JNJ, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, BMS, Takeda;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Boehringer Ingelheim;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, DMC member: BeiGene, Incyte;Financial Interests, Personal, Other, Advisor/Consultant: Genius, IMBdx;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: AstraZeneca, MSD. Y. Ohe: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: AstraZeneca, Chugai, ONO, BMS, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, MSD, Novartis;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: AstraZeneca, BMS, Celltrion, Amgen, Nippon Kayaku, Takeda, Pfizer, ONO, Janssen, AnHeart Therapeutics Inc;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Amgen;Financial Interests, Personal and Institutional, Invited Speaker: Takeda, ONO;Non-Financ al Interests, Personal, Leadership Role: JSMO, JLCS, JCOG;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Member: ASCO. N. Girard: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD, Roche, Pfizer, Mirati, Amgen, Novartis, Sanofi;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD, Roche, Pfizer, Janssen, Boehringer, Novartis, Sanofi, AbbVie, Amgen, Lilly, Grunenthal, Takeda, Owkin;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant, Local: Roche, Sivan, Janssen;Financial Interests, Institutional, Funding: BMS;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Officer, International Thymic malignancy interest group, president: ITMIG;Other, Personal, Other, Family member is an employee: AstraZeneca. Y. Wu: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hengrui, Merk, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Hengrui, Merk, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Yunhan, Eli Lilly;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: AstraZeneca, MSD, Takeda;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role: Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group (CTONG);Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Other, WCLC 2020 Conference Chair: IASLC;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role, Past President: Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO). J.F. Gainor: Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, Takeda, Lilly, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, iTeos, Karyopharm, Silverback Therapeutics, GlydeBio, BeiGene;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares, Immediate family member is an employee. Note: Ironwood Pharmaceuticals is not involved in any oncology drug development. It is focused on gastroenterology.: Ironwood Pharmaceuticals;Financial Interests, Personal and Institutional, InvitedSpeaker: Novartis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Genentech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Jounce, Alexo. X. Zhang: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Bristol Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares: Bristol Myers Squibb. J. Sylvester: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Bristol Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares: Bristol Myers Squibb. S. Li: Financial Interests, Personal, Full or part-time Employment: Bristol Myers Squibb;Financial Interests, Personal, Stocks/Shares: Bristol Myers Squibb. J.C. Yang: Financial Interests, Institutional, Advisory Board: Astrazeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Novartis, Bayer, GSK, Takeda Oncology, Puma Pharmaceuticals, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, MSD, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Roche/Genentech, Janssen;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Astrazeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Astrazeneca, MSD, Ipsen, Takeda Oncology;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: Yuhan Pharmaceuticals;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Dizal Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Numab, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Bayer, Janssen;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Leadership Role, Board of Director: IASLC;Non-Financial Interests, Personal, Member: ASCO. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Copyright © 2022

Bayesian inference

Bayesian statistical methods have become more popular in different applications of scientific research over the past several decades. This is mainly due to the computing capacity of modern machines and the recent advances in Bayesian computational methodologies. In this chapter, we give a brief introduction to Bayesian analysis and discuss the difference between Bayesian and classical frequentist statistics. To illustrate Bayesian methodologies, a diagnostic COVID-19 test is used to present the basic principles of the Bayesian approach, prior distribution, likelihood function, and posterior distribution. As an application of the Bayesian methodologies, we introduce Bayesian linear regression and Gaussian process regression and their Bayesian inference framework. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Research of Epidemiologic Feature and Control of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.4 and BA.5

The global COVID-19 is still in a pandemic state, and Omicron is still the dominant variant in the world, accounting for about 99% of the global gene sequence. Many regions around the world are experiencing the seventh wave of the epidemic. This round of epidemics is mainly caused by Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5, but the epidemiological characteristics of Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 are still unclear, bringing great challenges to the prevention and control of the epidemic in countries and regions. In this study, discovery and epidemic status, the incubation period, transmissibility, clinical symptoms, case fatality rate, and the protective effect of vaccines of Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 were reviewed, in order to provide reference for scientific prevention and control of Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5. © 2022 Chinese General Practice. All rights reserved.

Agenda-Setting of the Public Health Emergencies (COVID-19) Based on Audience's Perspective

The outbreak of sudden public health incidents notes the agenda setting of the media in the process of message diffusion, but the audience's expectation for the media framework is seldom paid attention to. Through an online questionnaire, the media usage, satisfaction, intuitive evaluation of different message framing and placement methods of the audience (N=401) are investigated. The results notes that: audiences attach the most importance to message placement and gain-framing, where the importance of message placement is basically the same as the agenda setting of official media;audiences are satisfied with media coverage overall and are most concerned about the speed of media response, while the ability to deal with false message needs to be improved;some audiences attach equal importance to additional message on sudden public events. This study proposes an audience-led agenda-setting in response to public health emergencies, providing a new perspective to understand the audience's message needs and agenda setting. © 2022 ACM.

Educational Symbiosis: Designing English Language Learning Courses to Support Syntegrative Education

This chapter considers how practitioners at a Sino-British institution have developed English language learning pathways and courses for students enrolled on industry-themed programmes to support a new syntegrative educational model. The chapter considers some of the challenges these educators have faced, not only because of the need to create offerings from the ground up, but also because of the difficulties COVID-19 and broader institutional provisional evolutions have presented. With this in mind, how the staff overcame the challenges they faced in responding to the foundation year developments, creating year two modules and business courses, whilst also providing ongoing continuing language and study skills support for students, along with administrative support, will be presented in the form of solutions and recommendations. It is hoped that others can learn from these experiences and reflections.

Spillover effect among independent carbon markets: evidence from China’s carbon markets

Carbon pricing is one of the key policy tools in the green recovery of the post-COVID-19 era. As linkages among ETSs worldwide are future trend, the carbon price spillover effects among markets are needed to be explored. This study examines the spillover effects and dynamic linkages of carbon prices using the example of China’s pilot carbon markets during 2015–2019, which are seemingly independent carbon markets. A structural vector error correction model and an improved directed acyclic graph approach are applied. The main results are as follows. First, the linkages among the five pilots demonstrate features of “two small-world networks.” Specifically, these are the Guangdong and Hubei network and the Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai network. Second, Shenzhen, Beijing and Hubei ranked as the top three pilots in terms of external spillover effect, accounting for 36.25%, 29.76%, and 25.59%, respectively. Second, Guangdong pilot has increasing influence on the Hubei, Shenzhen and Beijing pilots. Third, trading activities are positive contributors to the spillover, while the allowance illiquidity ratio and volatility are negative factors. The findings imply that to retain an expectable abatement costs in achieving the climate goals in green recovery, carbon prices in other potentially related markets should be considered by the policy maker in addition to its own policy design. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Construction of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and its application in measuring the neutralization activity of serum antibodies

Objective To construct SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, optimize its preparation protocol, and apply it to the evaluation of antibody neutralization activity. Methods The optimized sequence of spike (S) gene of SARS-CoV-2 was synthesized, the pseudovirus titers were measured, and the expressed S protein was then detected by Western blot. Finally, quantitative ELISA was used to measure the serum IgG antibody titers in recipients who had received either one or two doses of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine. Meanwhile, the sera were tested for their reactivity with the pseudovirus using neutralization tests. Results S gene was confirmed to have been successfully cloned into the vector, generating the pcDNA3.1-S plasmid. Co-transfection of pNL4-3.Luc.R-E- and pcDNA3.1-S at a ratio of 2∶1 could lead to higher packing efficacy and pseudovirus titers. Expression of the S protein was verified by Western blot. Moreover, this SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus showed a broad host infectivity in Vero, Huh7.5, A549-hACE2 and 293T-hACE2 cells, with the highest relative luciferase unit (RLU) in 293T-hACE2. Comparing the IgG levels measured by ELISA in sera collected from COVID-19 vaccine recipients, we observed a higher titer in those who received two doses of inactivated vaccine (S/CO=10.27±3.33), measured one week after the second shot. However, the IgG level significantly dropped（S/CO=2.36±2.25）half year post-vaccination. Amongst the serum samples tested, one with an S/CO of 10.32 could successfully inhibit the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in 293T-hACE2 cells at a dilution of 1/1 066. Conclusion We have established a method for preparing the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, which can be used for detection of the neutralizing antibodies and the evaluation of humoral immune response post-vaccination. © 2022 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control. All Rights Reserved.

[Course of disease and related epidemiological parameters of COVID-19: a prospective study based on contact tracing cohort].

Objective: To analyze the course of disease and epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 and provide evidence for making prevention and control strategies. Methods: To display the distribution of course of disease of the infectors who had close contacts with COVID-19 cases from January 1 to March 15, 2020 in Guangdong Provincial, the models of Lognormal, Weibull and gamma distribution were applied. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the basic characteristics and epidemiological parameters of course of disease. Results: In total, 515 of 11 580 close contacts were infected, with an attack rate about 4.4%, including 449 confirmed cases and 66 asymptomatic cases. Lognormal distribution was fitting best for latent period, incubation period, pre-symptomatic infection period of confirmed cases and infection period of asymptomatic cases; Gamma distribution was fitting best for infectious period and clinical symptom period of confirmed cases; Weibull distribution was fitting best for latent period of asymptomatic cases. The latent period, incubation period, pre-symptomatic infection period, infectious period and clinical symptoms period of confirmed cases were 4.50 (95%CI:3.86-5.13) days, 5.12 (95%CI:4.63-5.62) days, 0.87 (95%CI:0.67-1.07) days, 11.89 (95%CI:9.81-13.98) days and 22.00 (95%CI:21.24-22.77) days, respectively. The latent period and infectious period of asymptomatic cases were 8.88 (95%CI:6.89-10.86) days and 6.18 (95%CI:1.89-10.47) days, respectively. Conclusion: The estimated course of COVID-19 and related epidemiological parameters are similar to the existing data.

[The dynamic COVID-zero strategy on prevention and control of COVID-19 in China].

Since April 2020, the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic (COVID-19 epidemic) in China has entered the phase of normalized prevention and control. After the exploration phase of normalized prevention and control, China's epidemic prevention and control has entered the "dynamic COVID-zero" phase of whole-chain precise prevention and control. The dynamic COVID-zero strategy is to follow the premise of "external prevention of import, internal prevention of rebound" prevention and control strategy, when the emergence of local COVID-19 cases, to take effective comprehensive prevention and control measures, and to "find one, extinguish one", to quickly cut off the chain of epidemic transmission, so that each epidemic is terminated in a timely manner, achieving maximum effectiveness with minimum cost. With the application of new technologies such as large-scale nucleic acid detection and big data tracking, the dynamic COVID-zero strategy was developed, which is China's novel experience in the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. The dynamic COVID-zero strategy is an innovative prevention and control strategy proposed and implemented in China during the normalized prevention and control phase of the COVID-19 epidemic, whose prevention and control objectives, technical means, and work focus are different from the traditional "containment" strategy and "mitigation" strategy on ending the epidemic. This paper analyzes and summarizes the three phases of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in China, the dynamic COVID-zero strategy and its scientific connotation, evolutionary process, theoretical basis, implementation phases and effects, and provides a scientific basis for epidemic prevention and control in winter and spring.

Epidemiologic Features and Containment of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant

Since the first case of the Omicron(B.1.1.529) variant discovered in South Africa was reported to the WHO on November 24, 2021, a total of 57 countries(regions) had reported Omicron cases as of December 8, 2021. Omicron has become the dominant strain in some African countries and is spreading rapidly. Although Omicron causes mild symptoms, with most cases being asymptomatic and mild, the rapid increase in the number of cases could put a heavy strain on global health systems. In addition, its source, transmission characteristics and vaccine resistance remain unclear, which brings great challenges to pandemic prevention and control in all countries(regions). We reviewed the latest developments in etiological characteristics, mutation sources, transmission characteristics and possible mechanisms, pandemic status, vaccine protection effect and containment measures regarding Omicron, providing a reference for scientific containment of Omicron mutant. Copyright © 2022 by the Chinese General Practice.

College students' satisfaction with online courses during the COVID-19 epidemic

The rapid development of wireless Internet technology has a profound impact on the life and study of college students, an important user base of mobile Internet terminals. During the covid-19 epidemic, colleges all over the country responded to the call of the Ministry of Education to "Suspended classes, ongoing learning", and "Internet plus education"was in hot demand, setting off a wave of "online courses". How is college students' satisfaction with online courses? These have become important questions. This study constructs a structural equation model of the relationship between perceived quality of online courses, students' expectation, perceived value of online courses and students' satisfaction. By issuing online questionnaires, the model is empirically tested with the university students in Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, and the empirical results support most research hypotheses. Perceived quality of online courses, students' expectation and perceived value of online courses all work together to establish the model of students' satisfaction. We found that with the exception of "students' expectation"to "perceived value of online courses"that there is no obvious correlation, other cause variables and outcome variables were all significantly correlated, and we further discuss the overall quality of online courses and students. © 2021 ACM.

Physical Distancing and Temperature Sensing Bracelet

The world is enduring difficulties in numerous fields because of this Coronavirus pandemic flare-up. All government had played it safe to forestall the infection transmission, for example, rehearsing social distancing and temperature checking before entering any preface just as declaring a lockdown. Notwithstanding, the 1-meter distance is not straightforward to estimate by unaided eyes, and it is difficult to carry along a meter rule regularly. Subsequently, inadvertently connect with others. Therefore, this would build our danger of getting contaminated by the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, the thermometer put at each person’s passageway has the threat of causing disease since numerous individuals share it. Regardless of whether a specialist is appointed to quantify guests’ temperature, the person does not have the option to keep up the guest’s social distance when taking temperature. In this research, a sensing bracelet proposed to determine physical distancing and temperature. The bracelet has two fundamental capacities. It can continually screen distance among client and others utilising a sensor. It will warn the client to keep up social distancing and avoid swarmed places when it distinguishes individuals under 1 meter. Second, it has a temperature sensor to determine the client’s internal heat level and will ring to caution the client if the internal heat level is more than 37.5°C. The experiment conducted able to achieve the requirement for a physical distancing.

Obesity prevention environment: Is it time to empower educators and remobilize schools in the post-COVID-19 period?

Childhood obesity continues to be a serious problem. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to great life-changing challenges amongst schoolchildren, which might subsequently aggravate existing childhood obesity issues. We suggest that educators and schools need to provide solutions to the problem. © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.